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The Role of Statistics in Decision-Making
Statistical roles, applications, methods and tools for decision-making.
- Assessment of Sampling Error Associated with Collection and Analysis of Soil Samples at a Firing Range Contaminated with HMX. USACE CRREL Special Reports 97-22. - Jenkins, T.F., Walsh, M.E., Thorne, P.G., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., Ranney, T.A., et al., Spatial heterogeneity in explosives concentrations within surface soils was studied at an active antitank firing range. Heterogeneity of HMX concentrations was large on both short- and mid-range scales and this factor dominated the overall uncertainty associated with site characterization. Relatively minor uncertainties were due to analytical error. A colorimetric field method provided concentration estimates for HMX that were in excellent agreement with laboratory results.
 Assessment of Sampling Error Associated with Collection and Analysis of Soil Samples at a Firing Range Contaminated with HMX (589 KB)
- Assessment of Sampling Error Associated with Collection and Analysis of Soil Samples at Explosives-Contaminated Sites. United States Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Special Report 96-15. - Jenkins, T.F., Grant, C.L., Brar, G.S., Thorne, P.G., Ranney, T. A., & Schumacher, P.W., Short-range heterogeneity in contaminant concentrations was shown to be very high for surface soils at explosives-contaminated (TNT, DNT and ammonium picrate) sites. Total error was dominated by sampling error, whether characterization was done using on-site or laboratory analysis. Results from colorimetric methods were in excellent agreement with laboratory results. Composite sampling can improve the reliability of statistical estimates of average concentrations.
Assessment of Sampling Error Associated with Collection and Analysis of Soil Samples at Explosives-Contaminated Sites (475 KB)
- Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards for Soils, Solid Media, and Groundwater: Overview + Volumes 1, 2, and 3. - USEPA, If appropriate to the CSM, statistical tests may aid decisions that the cleanup of a contaminated site complete. These 4 documents cover the ways classical statistics may be used.
 An Overview of Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards for Soils, Solid Media, and Groundwater, EPA Volumes 1, 2, and 3 (PDF) (1.1 MB)
Volume 1: Soils (PDF) (3.9 MB)
Volume 2: Groundwater (PDF) (6.5 MB)
Volume 3: Reference-based Soils (PDF) (3.6 MB)
- Visual Sample Plan (VSP) - USDOE, If appropriate to the CSM, statistical equations may be used to help design sampling plans. Visual Sampling Plan (VSP) is a user-friendly, interactive classical statistics-based calculator to determine the number of samples and aid placement of sample locations. The user must ensure that assumptions inherent to the statistical equations used are valid for the application.
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